Which technique involves applying paint or pigment thickly so that it stands out from the surface?

The technique that involves applying paint or pigment thickly so that it stands out from the surface is known as impasto. This method allows the artist to create texture and depth in their work, as the paint is layered in such a way that it physically rises above the canvas. The raised strokes can catch the light in unique ways, creating highlights and shadows that contribute to the overall dimensionality of the piece. Many artists, such as Vincent van Gogh, effectively utilized impasto to enhance the emotional impact of their works, as it adds a palpable quality to the painting.

In contrast, wash refers to the application of a thin layer of pigment, achieving a translucent and fluid effect rather than a textured one. Sfumato is a technique that involves softening edges and creating a gradual transition between colors, resulting in a smoky effect that lacks the heaviness associated with impasto. Chiaroscuro, while it emphasizes the contrast of light and shadow, does not inherently pertain to the thickness of paint application. Thus, impasto is the distinct choice associated with thick layers of paint that stand out from the canvas surface.